donanım yazılım

[MaLaTYaLı44]

Donanım

Disket sürücü, sabit disk ve optik diskin bulunduğu çevresel birimlerin toplandığı standart tip bilgisayar kasasıDonanım kavramı bir bilgisayarın tüm dokunulabilir bileşenlerini kapsar.

Donanım örnekleri Çevresel birimler (Giriş/çıkış) Giriş Fare, Klavye, Oyun çubuğu, Tarayıcı
Çıkış Monitör, Yazıcı
Her ikisi Disket sürücü, Sabit disk, Optik disk
Bağlantı birimleri Kısa menzil RS-232, SCSI, PCI, USB
Uzun menzil (Bilgisayar ağları) Ethernet, ATM, FDDI

Yazılım
Yazılım kavramı bilgisayardaki özdek (maddi) olmayan tüm bileşenleri tanımlar: yazılımlar, iletişim kuralları ve veriler hepsi yazılımdır.

Yazılım İşletim sistemi Unix/BSD UNIX V, AIX, HP-UX, Solaris (SunOS), FreeBSD, NetBSD, IRIX
GNU/Linux Linux dağıtımları
Microsoft Windows Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows CE, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7
DOS DOS/360, QDOS, PC-DOS, MS-DOS, FreeDOS
Mac OS Mac OS X
Gömülü ve Gerçek zamanlı işletim sistemileri Gömülü işletim sistemleri dizelgesi
Kütüphaneler Çoklu ortam DirectX, OpenGL, OpenAL
Yazılımlama kütüphanesi C kütüphanesi
Veriler İletişim kuralı TCP/IP, Kermit, FTP, HTTP, SMTP
Belge biçimleri HTML, XML, JPEG, MPEG, PNG
Kullanıcı arayüzü Grafiksel kullanıcı arayüzü (WIMP) Microsoft Windows, GNOME, KDE, QNX Photon, CDE, GEM
Metinsel kullanıcı arayüzü Komut satırı, Kabuk

Uygulama Ofis Kelime işlemci, Masaüstü yayıncılık, Sunum yazılımı, Veri tabanı yönetim sistemi, Hesap çizelgesi, Muhasebe yazılımı
Bilgisiyar Erişimi Tarayıcı, E-posta istemcisi, Küresel ağ sunucusu, Anlık ileti yazılımı
Tasarım Bilgisayar destekli tasarım, Bilgisayar destekli yapım
Grafikler Hücresel grafik düzenleyici, Yöneysel grafik düzenleyici, 3B modelleyici, Canlandırma düzenleyici, 3B bilgisayar grafikleri, Video düzenleme, Görüntü işleme
Sayısal ses Sayısal ses düzenleyici, Ses oynatıcı
Yazılım mühendisliği Derleyici, Çevirici, Yorumlayıcı, Hata ayıklayıcı, Metin düzenleyici, Tümleşik geliştirme ortamı, Başarım incelemesi, Değişiklik denetimi, Yazılım yapılandırma yönetimi
Oyunlar Strateji, Macera, Bulmaca, Benzetim, Rol yapma oyunu, Etkileşimli kurgu
Ek Yapay zeka, Antivirüs yazılımı, Belge yönetici

Yazılımlama dilleri
Yazılımlama dilleri Programalama dilleri listesi Programlama dillerinin bölümsel listesi, Programlama dillerinin abecesel listesi, İngilizce tabanlı olmayan programlama dilleri
Çokça kullanılan Assembly dilleri x86
Çokça kullanılan Yüksek düzey diller BASIC, Delphi, C, C++, C#, COBOL, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal, Flash
Çokça kullanılan Betik dilleri Bourne shell, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl

Kişisel Bilgisayarların Kilometre Taşları


1950-1970 Büyük kurumlarda anaçatı bilgisayarlar Kullanılıyordu.
1971 Yonganın geliştirilmesiyle bilgisayarlar çok küçük hâle geldi. Kişisel kullanıma yönelik ilk bilgisayar satıldı. Kendi monitörü yoktu, televizyon ekranını kullanıyordu.
1975 Bir ekranı ve klâvyesi takılı olan ilk bilgisayar satıldı. Bilgisayara "Uzay Yolu" adlı televizyon dizisindeki bir gezegenden esinlenilerek Altair adı verilmişti.
1977 Tamâmı birleştirilmiş, ekranı Ve klâvyesi bulunan, kullanıma hazır halde ilk bilgisayar üretildi.
1981 Bir A.B.D. şirketi olan IBM, ilk kişisel bilgisayarı üretir. Kısa süre sonra diğer şirketler, İBM gibi kendi bilgisayarlarını tasarlar.
1983 Apple, fâresi olan bir bilgisayar olan Macintosh'u üretir. Bilgisayar çizgeleri (grafik) kullanılmaya başlanır.
1986 Microsoft şirketi Windows 1.0'ı piyasaya sürer.
1992 Linus Torvalds, Linux 1.0'ı duyurur.
1997 Avuçiçi bilgisayarlar piyasaya yeni yeni çıkar.

[XRumer23kib]

Bloomberg delivers business and markets news, data, analysis, and video to the world, featuring stories from Businessweek and Bloomberg News Today.

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